Many pirates settled on land in various places and relied on an informal network of mutual assistance. Several of the towns had been damaged during Hasmonean rule, but the damage was not extensive and reconstruction was completed by the time of the governorship in Syria of Aulus Gabinius in 57 BC. Lecturer in Ancient History, University of Oxford; Official Student and Tutor in Roman History, Christ Church, Oxford, 1939–77. The people on Pompey's ship could see this and, horrified, fled. There was unrest among the scared deserters, which were joined by some of Mithridates' men, who feared having to fight without them. However, in 79 BC, when Pompey canvassed for Lepidus and succeeded in making him a consul against Sulla's wishes, Sulla warned Pompey to watch out because he had made an adversary stronger than him. However, political machinations and the death of Julia dissolved Pompey’s bond with Caesar within the decade. He was feted in towns he travelled to on his way back to Rome. Unfortunately, the books of Livy, otherwise the most detailed of the sources, which cover this period have been lost. In 49 Caesar defied Senate demands and entered Italy with his army. This was because he had "helped Antiochus or Tigranes before him. Gnaeus Domitius and Metellus Scipio had been encamped close to each other. Papirius Carbo had a fleet there, and Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus had forced entry into the Roman province of Africa. Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus, the former enemy of the triumvirate, proposed in the senate that Pompey should be elected as sole consul. However, Pompey held a limited amount of land, which created shortages of fodder for his animals. On Sulla’s orders the Senate gave Pompey the job of recovering Sicily and Africa from the Marians—a task he completed in two lightning campaigns (82–81). He took funds from the tax collectors, borrowed money to hire soldiers, and armed 2,000 men. Because the wind was favorable, the Egyptians did not pursue them. The optimates favored entrusting Pompey with restoring order. [32][33] On Pompey's staff were his old lieutenant Afranius, D. Laelius, Petreius, C. Cornelius, probably Gabinius and Varro. [227][228], On 12 August 55 BC, the Theater of Pompey was inaugurated. On the streets, he was as popular as ever. Lucullus called Pompey a "vulture" who fed from the work of others, referring not merely to Pompey's new command against Mithridates, but also his claim to have finished the war against Spartacus. The nobles whom Sulla had restored to power had proved to be more corrupt and incompetent than ever. He pushed north again, but turned back south because he encountered a great number of snakes.[110]. Cornelia thought Pompey was going to be killed, but he boarded the boat. He supported Sulla, who belonged to the optimates, the pro-aristocracy faction, against Marius, who belonged to the populares (in favor of the people), in Sulla's first civil war (88–87 BC). Pompey asked him to become his advisor and associate in governance, to which Cato replied that he would do so in a private capacity. Plutarch wrote that Pompey dismissed with contempt a report that she had had an affair while he was fighting in the Third Mithridatic War between 66 and 63 BC. He also wanted to seize the kingdom of Machares, his son who had gone over to the Romans. In September 54 BC, Julia, the daughter of Caesar and wife of Pompey, died while giving birth to a girl, who also died a few days later. The procession included images of Tigranes and Mithridates, who were not present, and the sons and daughters of Mithridates who had died. Pompey (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus) Gnaeus Pompeius (son of Pompey the Great) (ca. In the Life of Crassus, Plutarch did not mention this repeal and, as mentioned above, he only wrote that Pompey and Crassus disagreed on everything and that, as a result, their consulship did not achieve anything. [212], Caesar thought this was decided because Ptolemy's forces included many of Pompey's soldiers who had been taken to Alexandria from Syria by Aulus Gabinius to restore Ptolemy XII when he had been deposed. Although he put them under the protection of the Roman province of Syria, each city-state was autonomous. However, he encountered difficulties there and the Albanians revolted again, so Pompey turned back. He listed them and their areas of command as follows: Tiberius Nero and Manlius Torquatus (in command of Hispania and the Straits of Hercules); Marcus Pomponius (Gaul and Liguria); Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus and Publius Atilius (Africa, Sardinia, Corsica); Lucius Gellius and Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus (Italy); Plotius Varus and Terentius Varro (Sicily and the Adriatic Sea, as far as Acarnania); Lucius Sisenna (the Peloponnese, Attica, Euboea, Thessaly, Macedon, and Boeotia); Lucius Lollius (the Greek islands, the Aegean sea, and the Hellespont); Publius Piso (Bithynia, Thrace, the Propontis and the mouth of the Euxine); Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos Iunior (Lycia, Pamphylia, Cyprus, and Phoenicia). Pompey pursued him and encamped nearby. He went to Syria with his army, annexing the country because it had no legitimate kings. Inscriptions carried in front of the procession indicated the nations he defeated (the Kingdom of Pontus, Armenia, Cappadocia, Paphlagonia, Media, Colchis, Caucasian Iberia, Caucasian Albania, Syria, Cilicia, Mesopotamia, Phoenicia, Judaea and Nabataea) and claimed that 900 cities, 1,000 strongholds, 800 pirate ships and 1,000 pirates were captured and that 39 cities were founded. He was condemned to death, but later released for the sake of his mother Mucia. Hij is getrouwd met (Niet openbaar), ze kregen 1 kind. The "retreat" of Metellus made it seem like victory was further away then ever and led to the joke that Sertorius would be back in Rome before Pompey.[50]. [104], In Appian, at this stage, Pompey pursued Mithridates as far as Colchis and then marched against Armenia. Caesar then returned to Italy, crossed the Adriatic Sea and landed in what is now southern Albania, even though the Pompeian fleet controlled this sea. Finally, in 67, the tribune Aulus Gabinius forced a bill through the popular assembly empowering Pompey to settle the pirate problem. Before he departed for Rome, Pompey paid his army. This post was instituted at times of severe grain shortages to supervise the grain supply. He had his son Machares, who ruled it and had gone over to the Romans, killed and recovered that country. His strategic position was hence much better than that of Caesar and he could have starved Caesar's army to death. Pompey made a tour of the whole area. Oroeses, the king of the Albanians, who lived beyond this river, attacked the Romans during the winter, partly to favour the younger Tigranes, who was a friend, and partly because he feared an invasion. In 64 BC, he obtained the voluntary submission of Panticapaeum, the city where Mithridates was staying. Kings conquered: Tigranes the Armenian; Artoces the Iberian; Oroezes the Albanian; Darius the Mede; Aretas the Nabataean and Antiochus of Commagene." Although the nobles were to continue to dominate the consular elections in most years, the real sources of power henceforth lay outside of Italy. Possibly because of the change of plan, there were only enough transports for thirty out of his fifty cohorts. Pompey's army outnumbered Caesar's, by almost 2:1. Cilicia Trachea was still under the control of the pirates. Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (29 September 106 BC – 28 September 48 BC), otherwise known as Pompey (/ ˈ p ɒ m p iː /) or Pompey the Great, was an important military and political leader of … With the joining of Pompey and Metellus Scipio's large armies, Pompey's supporters were confident of victory, and encouraged him to take to the field against Caesar rather than follow a strategy of attrition. "[59] The senate decided to send Pompey, who had just returned from Hispania. Pompey knew that any negotiations would soon leave him inferior to Caesar rather than an equal partner. Meanwhile, Pompey set up a colony for his soldiers at Nicopolitans in Cappadocia. [194][195][196][197], From Dyrrhachium, Pompey marched to Macedonia, where he set up a training area and a camp at Beroea, a town in the lower Haliacmon valley, sixty kilometers west of Thessalonica. He also gave rewards to philosophers in Athens and gave the city money towards its restoration (it had been damaged by Lucius Cornelius Sulla during the First Mithridatic War). Both men marched quickly with light equipment. Therefore, the plebeian tribunate became a dead end for one's political career. Pompey did not help Tigranes, stopped being hostile to Phraates and sent three envoys to arbitrate the border dispute. To outdo them, Sulla saluted him as Magnus (the Great), after Pompey's boyhood hero Alexander the Great, and ordered the others to give him this cognomen. In 60 BC, Pompey joined Marcus Licinius Crassus and Gaius Julius Caesar in the unofficial military-political alliance known as the First Triumvirate, which Pompey's marriage to Caesar's daughter Julia helped secure. There were two-horse carriages and litters laden with gold or ornaments, including the couch of Darius; the son of Hystaspes; and the throne and scepter of Mithridates. This calendar counted the years from 63 BC, the year when self-government started. As not much was done against them, some towns were turned into pirate winter quarters and raids further inland were carried out. [185], Caesar crossed the Alps with a legion and arrived at Ravenna, close to the border with Italy. His brother Antiochus VII gained the support of the Maccabees, regained the submission of the once vassal kingdoms of Cappadocia and Armenia, drove back the Parthians and retook Mesopotamia, Babylon, and Media. Caesar agreed to negotiate, promising the envoys that no one would suffer harm at his hands and that he would call for the immediate disbandment of the troops. He specified that there were three Iberian chiefs and two Albanian ones. He then marched against Armenia. Seager, R., Pompey the Great: A Political Biography, Wiley-Blackwell; 2nd edition, 2002; Southern, P., Pompey the Great: Caesar's Friend and Foe, The History Press, 2003; This page was last edited on 18 March 2021, at 10:57. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Pharnaces embalmed his body and sent it to Pompey as proof of his surrender, for which he was granted the kingdom of Bosporus and listed as an ally.[117]. Straberius, the commander of the garrison, abandoned the city. "[178], In the Life of Pompey, Plutarch wrote that the plebeian tribune Lucilius proposed to elect Pompey dictator. The camps of the opposing forces were close, thus Pompey sent a messenger to announce his arrival to Ptolemy and to request his aid. He admired Pompey's qualities and thought that he was useful for the administration of his affairs. Caesar thought that victory was unexpected for Pompey, because, a little earlier, his troops were fleeing from their camp, and Caesar thought Pompey suspected an ambush. [91] One of the consuls for 67 BC, Manius Acilius Glabrio, was appointed to succeed Lucullus. He joined seven towns east of the river Jordan that had been under the Hasmoneans of Judea, plus Damascus, into a league. Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (deutsch auch Pompejus; * 29. It was not clear whether Pompey wanted new levies to fight or whether this was concealment of a planned escape. September 48 v. Chr. Curio felt that he had won the day and rushed before the people, being applauded and "pelted with garlands and flowers." "[62] Suetonius wrote that, when Julius Caesar was a military tribune, "he ardently supported the leaders in the attempt to reestablish the authority of the tribunes of the commons [the plebeians], the extent of which Sulla had curtailed. [222] During his campaigns in the east, he relentlessly pursued his enemies, choosing the ground for his battles. tajnú dohodu, zvanú Prvý triumvirát, ktorou chceli získať politickú moc v Ríme. Pompey rode away from the camp and went to Larissa. Moreover, the Celtiberians treated them with contempt as men under suspicion. Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus was given the command of fighting piracy in Cilicia in 78–74 BC. By 163 BC, the Maccabean Revolt established the independence of Judea. Lucius Licinius Lucullus was conducting the Third Mithridatic War (73–63 BC) against Mithridates VI, the king of Pontus, and Tigranes the Great, the king of Armenia. He attacked, slaughtering the enemy to his front and on both flanks. [62] Plutarch wrote that "Crassus, the richest statesman of his time, the ablest speaker, and the greatest man, who looked down on Pompey and everybody else, had not the courage to sue for the consulship until he had asked the support of Pompey." His 8th legion had arrived, increasing the number of his veteran legions to three, and Curio had brought up twenty-two cohorts of recruits. [166][167][168][169] Cassius Dio, who wrote the most detailed account of the period, did not mention the Lucca conference. He took and destroyed two strongholds being used by brigands: Lysias, ruled over by a Jewish brigand named Silas, and Syria's old military capital, Apameia. However, the latter was distressed about the incident and waged war against his father. As his position became weaker and that of the Romans stronger, a series of incidents happened. Piso was nearly stripped of his consulship, but Pompey prevented Aulus Gabinius from proposing a bill to this effect. He resettled some of them in the city of Soli, which had recently been devastated by Tigranes the Great, the king of Armenia. He died in the year 48 BC. Hyrcanus claimed that he was the rightful king as the elder brother and that he had been usurped, accusing Aristobulus of making incursions in nearby countries and being responsible for piracy, thus causing a revolt. In the Life of Crassus, Plutarch wrote that Caesar met Pompey and Crassus and agreed that the two of them would stand for the consulship and that he would support them by sending soldiers to Rome to vote for them. Gnaeus Pompeius stirpis senatoriae adolescens, in bello civili se et patrem consilio servavit. During their joint consulate, they substantially repealed Sulla’s political reforms by restoring the powers of the tribunes and stripping senators of their monopoly as jurors on standing courts. For 6,000 talents he set up King Tigranes in Armenia as a friend and ally of Rome—and as his own protégé. Cassius Dio wrote that Mithridates kept withdrawing because his forces were inferior. Mithridates sent envoys to conclude a truce, but Pompey demanded that he lay down his arms and hand over the deserters. Pompey agreed, but the consuls refused. [98] In Appian's account, when the deserters heard about the demand to hand them back, Mithridates swore that he would not make peace with the Romans and that he would not give them up.[99]. Caesar marched on Apollonia, and the inhabitants handed him the city. Then, pretending fear, he pulled back drawing the enemy after him. The Romans referred to Strabo as a novus homo (new man). Pompey received his nickname Magnus from the contemporaries because of his great political and military successes and his services to Rome. He began to arm himself against Caesar and got closer to Crassus because he thought he could not challenge Caesar on his own. He wanted all classes to recognize him as first citizen, available for further large-scale services to the state. [31], Pompey recruited an army of 30,000 infantry and 1,000 cavalry, its size evidence of the seriousness of the threat posed by Sertorius. This last point put Pompey off. He incorporated the territories he subdued in those two areas in the province of Cilicia. For example, pictures of Pompey were carried at Augustus' funeral procession. On his arrival, Pompey cut to pieces 6,000 fugitives from the battle. They were eventually sent to Sicily under the command of Asinius Pollio and helped him take the island from Marcus Porcius Cato. Terentius quidam, Gnaei Pompeii contubernalis, eum occidendum susceperat, dum alii tabernaculum patris incenderent. He reached the Maeotis (the sea of Azov, which is connected to the north shore of the Black Sea) and stayed in the Cimmerian Bosporus. Caesar proposed that both he and Pompey lay down their arms at the same time and said that, if Pompey retained his, he would not expose himself to his enemies. According to Appian, as soon as Pompey arrived, he marched to lift the siege of Lauron, where he suffered a substantial defeat at the hands of Sertorius himself. When he returned to the Roman province of Africa, Sulla ordered him to send back the rest of his troops and remain there with one legion to wait for his successor. According to Appian, Pompey had lent him one legion; according to Caesar, it was two legions. The law was passed and the senate ratified it reluctantly. Caesar was elected, and proposed an agrarian bill to the plebeian council, which Pompey and Crassus publicly supported. While Pompey was marching on Jerusalem, he was informed about the death of Mithridates. He resumed his guerrilla tactics and cut off the enemy's supplies with widespread raids, while pirate tactics at sea disrupted maritime supplies. In both versions, the violence among the three factions continued and the elections could not be held. Sertorius or Lucullus, for instance, were especially critical. The organization of the East remains Pompey’s greatest achievement. Pompey's soldiers said that Caesar's troops were worn out, longed to return home, and would defect to Pompey as soon as they had crossed the Alps. After Crassus and Julia's deaths, Pompey sided with the optimates, the conservative faction of the Roman Senate. [97], According to Cassius Dio, Pompey made friendly proposals to Mithridates to test his disposition. ok Pompejus; * 29.September 106 v. Sixteen ships were sent to assist Massilia, which was under siege by Caesar's forces.[201][202][203][204]. However, the royal ships were seen taking crews on board, and there were soldiers on the shore. Livy noted that Pompey was made consul after a special senatorial decree, because he had not occupied the quaestorship, was an equestrian and did not have senatorial rank. Only Caesar supported the law and, in Plutarch's view, he did so "not because he cared in the least for Pompey, but because from the outset he sought to ingratiate himself with the people and win their support." This area of Anatolia came truly under Roman control after Pompey's victories. Pompey tried to have his numerically superior cavalry outflank Caesar's left wing and rout his army. Cicero proposed sending messengers to Caesar to negotiate their safety, but the frantic consuls rejected this path. This information is part of by on Genealogy Online. He was defeated continually. Both Syria and Judea were lacking stability. Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Latin: [ˈŋnae̯ʊs pɔmˈpei̯ʊs ˈmaŋnʊs]; 29 September 106 BC – 28 September 48 BC), known in English as Pompey the Great (/ˈpɒmpiː/), was a leading Roman general and statesman, whose career was significant in Rome's transformation from a republic to empire. This portrayal of him survived into the Renaissance and Baroque periods, for example, in Pierre Corneille's play The Death of Pompey (1642). However, he succeeded in restoring order and chose his father-in-law as his colleague for the last five months of the year. English: Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (29 September 106 BC – 29 September 48 BC), commonly referred to in English as either Pompey or Pompey the Great, was a distinguished and ambitious Roman military leader, provincial administrator and politician of the 1st century BC, the period of the Late Republic. Besides annexing Syria and turning Judea into a client kingdom and a satellite of Syria, Pompey annexed the coastal strip in the western part of the Kingdom of Pontus and merged it with Bithynia, turning both into the Roman province of Bithynia et Pontus. He won several naval victories off Cilicia and occupied the coasts of nearby Lycia and Pamphylia. [40], In 75 BC, Sertorius decided to take on Metellus while he left the battered Pompey to two of his legates (Perpenna and Herennius).
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