clemens august graf von galen geschwister
Mal. Clemens August werd geboren in het katholieke zuidelijke deel van het groothertogdom Oldenburg, te Dinklage in de huidige deelstaat Nedersaksen. Clemens August Graf von Galen. In 1899 ontmoette hij paus Leo XIII in een privé-audiëntie. Hij werd bisschop van Münster in 1933, niet lang voor de benoeming van Adolf Hitler tot Rijkskanselier. [28] Galen was part of the five-member commission that prepared the papal encyclical. Deze pagina is voor het laatst bewerkt op 31 jan 2021 om 14:53. [37] In a Table Talk from 1942, Hitler said: "The fact that I remain silent in public over Church affairs is not in the least misunderstood by the sly foxes of the Catholic Church, and I am quite sure that a man like Bishop von Galen knows full well that after the war I shall extract retribution to the last farthing". Galen closed by assuring the officers that the Church would remain loyal to the state in all lawful matters. [74], Unexpectedly, at Christmas 1945 it became known that Pope Pius XII would appoint three new German cardinals: Bishop Clemens August von Galen, Bishop Konrad von Preysing of Berlin, and Archbishop Josef Frings of Cologne. May God reward you for it. In 1897 he began to study a variety of topics, including literature, history, and philosophy. [3] After serving in Berlin parishes from 1906 to 1929, he became the pastor of Münster's St. Lamberti Church, where he was noted for his political conservatism before being appointed Bishop of Münster in 1933. De Duitse geestelijk leider Clemens August Graf von Galen werd in 1878 geboren in Dinklage (Münsterland). (2009). Meyer served nine years in British and Canadian military prisons. Bishop of Münster (1933-1946 Cardinal) Photo . Despite numerous British obstacles and denial of air travel, Galen arrived in Rome 5 February 1946. The Third Reich at War. Galen left Innsbruck in 1903 to enter the seminary in Münster and was ordained a priest on 28 May 1904 by Bishop Hermann Dingelstadt. De naam "von Galen" werd al lang in verband gebracht met de regio: de von Galens woond… De tekst van zijn homilie van 3 augustus van dat jaar in de Lambertikirche in Münster werd later door Britse vliegtuigen boven Duitsland afgeworpen. Clemens August Graf von Galen, geboren 1878, war ein deutscher Geistlicher und Bischof. "[48] Howard K. Smith called Galen "heroic", writing that the movement he represented was so widespread that the Nazi government could not arrest the bishop. At a time when the Jesuits were still not permitted in Münster, he received his main schooling at a Jesuit School, Stella Matutina in the Vorarlberg, Austria, where only Latin was spoken. Prozessionsweg soll an Clemens August Graf von Galen erinnern. Ten gevolge van de Spaanse Successieoorlog raakte zijn familie verspreid en bleef hij tot in 1715 onder huisarrest in Wenen. Hierop volgde een strikt Gestapo-huisarrest dat tot het binnentrekken van het Engelse leger in april 1945 zou duren. Clemens August von Galen (n.16 martie 1878, Dinklage — d. 22 martie 1946, Münster) a fost un episcop romano-catolic german care s-a ridicat împotriva ororilor săvârșite de regimul nazist.Pentru curajul cu care i s-a opus lui Adolf Hitler, a fost supranumit "Leul de Münster". He told her how the Pope had quoted long passages from Galen's 1941 sermons from memory and how the Pope thanked him for his courage. [66] Thus when Bishop Galen delivered his famous 1941 denunciations of Nazi euthanasia and the lawlessness of the Gestapo, he also said that the Church had never sought the "overthrow of the Reich government". He was beatified by Pope Benedict XVI in 2005. [50] According to Anton Gill, "Galen used his condemnation of this appalling policy to draw wider conclusions about the nature of the Nazi state. … 1. According to Robert Jay Lifton, "[t]his powerful, populist sermon was immediately reproduced and distributed throughout Germany — indeed, it was dropped among German troops by British Royal Air Force flyers. Besides, the Archbishop's[clarification needed] orders came from outside the Fatherland, a fact which disturbed us. Blessed Clemens August, Graf von Galen, Roman Catholic bishop of Münster, Germany, who was noted for his public opposition to Nazism. He assumed responsibility for the publication of a collection of essays which fiercely criticized Nazi ideologist Alfred Rosenberg and defended the teachings of the Catholic Church. Kapelaan in Berlijn Clemens August von Galen (Dinklage, 16 maart 1878 - Münster, 22 maart 1946) was een Duits kardinaal. "[73], When SS-General Kurt Meyer, accused of complicity in the shooting of eighteen Canadian prisoners of war, was sentenced to death, Galen pleaded for his life to be spared: "According to what has been reported to me, General Kurt Meyer was sentenced to death because his subordinates committed crimes he didn't arrange and of which he did not approve. His term as bishop thus closely coincided with the Chancellorship of Adolf Hitler.. Go on working for Him... oh, you dear Saviour!" [57] Kuropka, referring to Wilhelm Damberg's discovery which in his opinion had not received enough attention so far, pointed out that the diocesan leadership in Münster had instructed all its pastors in June 1938 to recommend a brochure against anti-Semitism titled “The Nathanael Question of Our Days” („Die Nathanaelfrage unserer Tage“) to all faithful to read. He was buried in the family crypt of the Galen family in the destroyed Cathedral of Münster. Katholikos Kyriake Sancta Ecclesia de Iesous Christos et Maria Magdalena [39] Galen said that it was the duty of Christians to resist the taking of human life, even if it meant losing their own lives. On 13 April 1945, he raised a protest with American military authorities against the mass rape of German women by Allied and particularly Soviet soldiers as well as against the plundering of German homes, factories, research centres, firms and offices by American and British troops.[68][69]. Jezuïeten waren niet toegestaan in Münster op dat moment, als bewijs van de blijvende impact van de Kulturkampf, zodat Clemens en zijn familie de staat Pruisen moest verlaten om deze opvoeding te ontvangen. [70] He repeated these claims in a sermon on 1 July 1945, which was copied and illegally distributed throughout occupied Germany. Name: Clemens Augustinus Joseph Emmanuel Pius Antonius Hubertus Marie Graf von Galen; Spitzname: Clau (von Clemens August). [35] The programme systematically murdered more than 70,000 people between September 1939 and August 1941. This article is within the scope of WikiProject Biography, a collaborative effort to create, develop and organize Wikipedia's articles about people. His views on Communism were largely formed as a consequence of the Stalinization and relentless persecution of Christians within the Soviet Union after 1918, during which virtually all Catholic bishops were either killed or forced underground. Heinz Mussinghoff, Rassenwahn in Münster, Der Judenpogrom 1938 und Bischof Clemens August Graf von Galen, Regensberg Verlag, Münster, 1989, pp. However, like other bishops, according to Kuropka, Galen missed the right time to “escape into the public eye” on the question of the persecution of the Jews, which Galen later claimed to have blamed himself for. "[16] He believed the stab-in-the-back myth, which held that the German Army hadn't been defeated in battle but by being undermined by defeatist elements on the home front[17] and, as did most Germans, considered the Treaty of Versailles unjust. On second review, a Canadian general, finding only "a mass of circumstantial evidence", commuted Meyer's death sentence to imprisonment. Zijn gedenkdag is 22 maart, tevens zijn sterfdag. In 1896 he went to study at the Catholic University of Freiburg, which had been established in 1886 by the Dominicans, where he encountered the writings of Thomas Aquinas. † 22.03.1946 in Münster. „August“ ist ebenfalls lateinisch und bedeutet „d… At the end of the visit he told Franz that he had decided to become a priest though he was unsure whether to become a contemplative Benedictine or a Jesuit. Thousands of copies of the sermons were circulated throughout Germany. . In 1941 hield hij drie preken tegen de nazi's, die op dat ogenblik al 100.000 gehandicapten om het leven hadden gebracht. A commanding presence (6 feet 7 inches (2.01 m) tall) — his rooms were furnished simply, he wore unpretentious clothing, and he spoke plainly — he did not like the theatre, secular music (except for military marches), or literature. Münster werd in 1938 de plek van brekend glas. … Statuesque in appearance and uncompromising in discussion, this oak-bottomed old aristocrat … is a German nationalist through and through.”, mass killing in the involuntary euthanasia programme of persons with mental or physical defects, relentless persecution of Christians within the Soviet Union after 1918, murder of people with disabilities (viewed by the nazi regime as "invalid" individuals), former German provinces and territories in the east, "The Murder of Unproductive Persons" Clemens von Galen, Death and Deliverance: 'Euthanasia' in Germany, C.1900 to 1945, Encyclopædia Britannica's Reflections on the Holocaust, Library : The Bishop vs. the Nazis: Bl. Peter Hoffmann; The History of the German Resistance 1933–1945; 3rd Edn (First English Edn); McDonald & Jane's; London; 1977; p.24, Anton Gill; An Honourable Defeat; A History of the German Resistance to Hitler; Heinemann; London; 1994; p. 60, Ian Kershaw; Hitler a Biography; 2008 Edn; W.W. Norton & Co; London; pp. Oktober 1933 durch den Erzbischof von Köln, Karl Joseph Kardinal Schulte; Kardinalserhebung: 18. [8], Because Prussia did not recognize the Stella Matutina academy, Clemens returned home in 1894 to attend a public school in Vechta and by 1896 both Clemens and Franz had passed the examinations that qualified them to attend a university. The sermons were printed and distributed illegally. He welcomed us politely but with reserve. He's a man of courage and conviction. Clemens Augustinus Joseph Emmanuel Pius Antonius Hubertus Marie Graf von Galen. [17] Galen openly supported the Protestant Paul von Hindenburg against the Centre Party's candidate, Wilhelm Marx, in the presidential elections of 1925. [...] As for the first commandment, "Thou shalt not have strange gods before me," instead of the One, True, Eternal God, men have created at the dictates of their whim, their own gods to adore: Nature, the State, the Nation, or the Race. [38] The sermons protested against Nazi policies such as Gestapo terror, euthanasia, forced sterilization, and concentration camps. März 1878 in Dinklage; Priesterweihe: 28. He often criticized the Centre Party for being too left-wing. It was one of the first instances where the Reichskonkordat was used by the Church against the government, which was one of the intentions of Pope Pius XI. He had become famous and popular, so after the pope had placed the red hat on his head with the words: 'God bless you, God bless Germany', Saint Peter's Basilica for minutes thundered in a "triumphant applause" for Galen. Clemens August Antonius Ignatz von Ketteler, 25. [55] Galen feared that German Catholics were being relegated to second-class status in Hitler's Germany and believed Hitler was missing the point that the Catholic Church and the state could be aligned against Bolshevism. [56] German historian Joachim Kuropka dismissed the latter allegation as part of "misjudgments" of this historian. Clemens August van Beieren (Brussel, 17 augustus 1700 - Ehrenbreitstein, 6 februari 1761) was een zoon van Maximiliaan II Emanuel van Beieren en Theresia Sobieska van Polen. [21] By early 1937, the church hierarchy in Germany, which had initially attempted to co-operate with the Nazi government, had become highly disillusioned. Den Anstoß zu dem Thema gaben 2015 die gleichnamigen Dinklager Schulen. [38] He protested against the mistreatment of Catholics in Germany: the arrests and imprisonment without legal process, the suppression of monasteries, and the expulsion of religious orders. The Nazis responded with an intensification of their campaign against the Catholic Church. Graf von Galen. The Blessed Clemens August Graf von Galen (16 March 1878 – 22 March 1946) was a German count, Bishop of Münster, and cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. But his sermons went further than defending the church, he spoke of a moral danger to Germany from the regime's violations of basic human rights: "the right to life, to inviolability, and to freedom is an indispensable part of any moral social order", he said – and any government that punishes without court proceedings "undermines its own authority and respect for its sovereignty within the conscience of its citizens". Clemens August von Galen was born on 16 March 1878 in Dinklage Castle, Oldenburg, Germany, the 11th of 13 children born to Count Ferdinand Heribert and Elisabeth von Spee.. His father belonged to the noble family of Westphalia, who since 1660 governed the village of Dinklage. Quoting Pope Pius XII's Opus Justitiae Pax and Justitia fundamentum Regnorum, Galen noted that "Peace is the work of Justice and Justice, the basis for dominion", then attacked the Third Reich for undermining justice, the belief in justice and for reducing the German people to a state of permanent fear, even cowardice. [3] In 1933, Galen was elected bishop of Münster, although he was not the popular candidate to succeed the previous bishop, Johannes Poggenburg, and was selected only after other candidates had declined to be nominated and despite a protest from the Papal Nuncio Cesare Orsenigo, who reported that Galen was bossy and paternalistic in his public utterances. In this atmosphere, Galen sought to be an energetic and idealistic leader of his parish. He equated the rejection of Christianity with rejection of worldly authority, leading to anarchy and chaos. Clemens Augustinus Emmanuel Joseph Pius Anthonius Hubertus Marie Graf von Galen, better known as Clemens August Graf von Galen, was a German count, Bishop of Münster, and cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. Galen was ordained in 1904 in Münster, where, as a priest at St. Lambert’s, he published his Die Pest des Laizismus und … [72] He forcefully condemned the expulsion of German civilians from former German provinces and territories in the east annexed by communist Poland and the Soviet Union. Het zijn altijd zijn leraren en opvoeders die het mis hebben." A paper from the British Foreign Office called Galen "the most outstanding personality among the clergy in the British zone... Statuesque in appearance and uncompromising in discussion, this oak-bottomed old aristocrat... is a German nationalist through and through. During World War II, Galen led Catholic protest against Nazi euthanasia and denounced Gestapo lawlessness and the persecution of the church. Von Galen was echter druk met het coördineren van hulp aan vluchtelingen en de herbouw van weeshuizen en kerken in het stadscentrum. Bis 1929, als er zum Pfarrer der münsterschen Stadtkirche Sankt Lamberti ernannt wurde, wirkte von Galen als Kaplan, Kurat und Pfarrer in Berlin, das damals in Teilen seelsorgerisch vom Bistum Münster betreut wurde. It was a booming commercial and cultural metropolis at the time he arrived — its population increased from 900,000 in 1871 to slightly less than 4 million by 1920. Galen began to criticize Hitler's movement in 1934. * 16.03.1878 in Dinklage. In 1897 begon hij aan verschillende opleidingen, waaronder literatuur, geschiedenis en filosofie. Born into a venerable noble family, von Galen received part of his education in Austria from the Jesuits at the Stella Matutina School in the border town of Feldkirch, on the Austrian border with Switzerland and Liechtenstein. Following his return from the wearisome travel to Vatican City, the new cardinal was celebrated enthusiastically in his native Westphalia and in his destroyed city of Münster, which still lay completely in ruins as a result of the air raids. Er ist verstorben im Jahr 1945. Een Britse militair die voor MI5 werkte kenmerkte Von Galen als een "doorgewinterde Duitse nationalist" (maar antinazi) die het karakter "van een eik" had. New York City: Penguin. Religion did not bring the community together — "religion and fears of a loss of religious belief came to be a major source of internal division. De naam "von Galen" werd al lang in verband gebracht met de regio: de von Galens woonden daar al sinds 1667. Hij was de zoon van een parlementslid. Personen. In 1894 keerde hij terug naar huis en ging naar een openbare school in Vechta, en in 1896 waren zowel Clemens als Franz geslaagd voor het examen dat hen toeliet tot de universiteit. "[15] In 1916 and 1917 he welcomed reports that the German military had a plan to colonize Eastern Europe, stating that German Catholics should be moved into the area, especially Lithuania, with the goal not of expelling the Lithuanians, but educating them to think and feel as Germans.[15]. Freiin Elisabeth Augusta von Hompesch-Bollheim, 29. [21] Galen often protested against violations of the Concordat to Hitler directly. Discover the family tree of Clemens August von Galen for free, and learn about their family history and their ancestry. [34] After 1941 the killing continued unofficially, with the total number of deaths estimated at 200,000. [12], Galen arrived in Berlin on 23 April 1906 and stayed until 16 April 1929. Galen then remarked that a regime which can do away with the Fifth Commandment ("Thou shalt not kill.") Clemens August Graf von Galen (16. maaliskuuta 1878 Dinklage, Oldenburgin Münsterinmaa – 22. maaliskuuta 1946 Münster, Westfalen) oli toisen maailmansodan aikana Münsterin katolinen piispa Saksassa.Hän vastusti pelkäämättä sekä natsi-Saksan että liittoutuneiden miehitysjoukkojen mielivaltaisuuksia. We all know that despite its diverse factions, the Catholic Church is a world community, which sticks together when the chips are down. Even though the country was at war, Galen rejected the notion that his speech undermined German solidarity or unity. Clemens August Graf von Galen was beatified on 9 October 2005 outside St. Peter's Basilica by Pope Benedict XVI, the 47th anniversary of the death of Pope Pius (1958). "These are people, our brothers and sisters; maybe their life is unproductive, but productivity is not a justification for killing." Von Galen was een uitgesproken anticommunist. Galen did not protest the antisemitic 1935 Nuremberg Laws, or the Kristallnacht pogrom of 1938. The Lübeck martyrs distributed von Galen's sermons. He concluded: "As a German, as a decent citizen, I demand Justice". He expressed his deep love for Germany and reminded them that he had been the first bishop to publicly acknowledge the new regime. On 28 October, he was consecrated as bishop in Münster's cathedral by Cardinal Karl Joseph Schulte. This is murder, he exclaimed, unlawful by divine and German law, a rejection of the laws of God. In August 1917 he visited the front lines in France and found the optimistic morale of the troops uplifting. Clemens August Graf von Galen, the Bishop of Münster, derided the neo-pagan theories of Rosenberg as perhaps no more than "an occasion for laughter in the educated world", but warned that "his immense importance lies in the acceptance of his basic notions as the authentic philosophy of National Socialism and in his almost unlimited power in the field of German education. He denounced the Nazis for trying to introduce Germanic neo-paganism into his diocese. Clemens August was een zoon van graaf Ferdinand Heribert von Galen, lid van de keizerlijke Duitse Rijksdag)) voor de katholieke Centrumpartij, en Elisabeth von Spee, als elfde van dertien kinderen. [36], In 1941, with the Wehrmacht still marching on Moscow, Galen, despite his long-time nationalist sympathies, denounced the lawlessness of the Gestapo, the confiscations of church properties, and the Nazi euthanasia programme. If that were indeed a justification for execution, he reasoned, everybody would have to be afraid to even go to a doctor for fear of what might be discovered. On 3 August 1941, Galen's third sermon described the continued desecration of Catholic churches, the closing and confiscation of convents and monasteries, and the deportation of mentally ill people to undisclosed destinations, while a notice was sent to family members stating that the person in question had died. In 1904 werd Clemens von Galen tot priester gewijd. Clemens Augustinus Emmanuel Joseph Pius Anthonius Hubertus Marie Graf von Galen (16 March 1878 – 22 March 1946), better known as Clemens August Graf von Galen, was a German count, Bishop of Münster, and cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. Na de inname van het plat gebombardeerde Münster door de geallieerden, wilden Engelse en Amerikaanse journalisten allemaal interviews afnemen van de bisschop die de nationaalsocialistische staatsterreur getrotseerd had en zich publiekelijk tegen Hitler had uitgesproken. [9] In 1899 he met Pope Leo XIII in a private audience. [49] Ian Kershaw called Galen's "open attack" on the government's euthanasia programme in 1941 a "vigorous denunciation of Nazi inhumanity and barbarism". März 1878 in Dinklage geboren und verstarb am 22. Evert van Vlastuin (Reformatorisch Dagblad, 9 november 2012). "[26], In June 1935 he delivered a sermon that connected the heresy of the Anabaptists to the "sins of the Jews". Hij was geen gemakkelijke leerling om les aan te geven. He criticized the British dismissal of Germans from public service without investigation and trial. He was an outspoken critic of certain Nazi policies and helped draft Pope Pius XI's 1937 anti-Nazi encyclical Mit brennender Sorge (With Burning Concern). Door zijn verzet tegen de nazi's wordt hij ook wel De Leeuw van Münster genoemd. [33] The regime initiated its euthanasia program in 1939. Begin 1946 reisde hij naar Rome om er door paus Pius XII tot kardinaal benoemd te worden. In eerste instantie werkte hij voor een familielid, de hulpbisschop van Münster, als aalmoezenier.